Four items with low loadings were removed. ResultsĪ one-factor solution provided the best fit to the DASS-21 data. For validation testing, correlations between stigma scores and DASS scores were computed. The DASS-21 was examined using exploratory factor analysis, partial confirmatory factor analysis, and parallel analysis. The DASS-21 and the Self-stigma of Alcohol Dependence Scale (SSAD) were completed by 149 inpatient Egyptian drug users. Therefore, this study investigated the factor structure of the Arabic Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) in that population. Nonetheless, instruments that properly measure emotional distress are lacking. Emotional distress is common among illicit drug users, and it can negatively affect treatment outcomes and increase the risk of relapse.
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